الدرس الثاني phonology ,,,,,, place of articulation
 

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استكمال لدرس علم الصوتيات phonology ,,,,,,,,, place of articulation .
- مخارج الكلام عديده , مجملة في الاتي :
1- حروف ذات الشفتين Bilabials : وهي الاصوات المصاغه من كلتا الشفتين .مثال : الاصوات الاولى من الكلمات pat , bat , mat. وهي ممثلة في الرموز / p / , وهو غير ملفوظه voiceless , و / m / و / b / فهي ملفوظه voiced . اما الصوت / w / يكون في استهلاله او بدايه الكلمات التاليه : way , walk & world وهو ايضا من ذوات الشفتين .

2- حروف الاسنان شفويه Labiodentals :وهي الاصوات المصاغه بــ( الاسنان العليا مع الشفه السفليه ) . مثال : الاصوات الاولى من الكلمتان fat , vat و ايضا الاصوات الاخيره من الكلمتان safe , save . وهي ممثلة في الرموز / f / ,وهو غير ملفوظ voiceless , و / v / وهو ملفوظ voiced .
لاحظ ؟ الاصوات الاخيره من الكلمتان laugh , & cough و الصوت الاول من كلمة photo على الرغم من الاختلاف في الكتابه , لكن جميعها تنطق كـ / f / .

3- الحروف النطعيه dentals : وهي الاصوات المصاغه بـ طرف اللسان خلف الاسنان العلويه الاماميه . و يطلق مصطلح "interdental" و معناه "بين الاسنان" لوصف الاسلوب اللفضي عند الصياغه و هي طرف اللسان بين الشفتان العليا والسفلى . فالصوت الاول لـ / th / في الكلمة thin و الاخير من كلمة bath , جميعها نطعيه غير ملفوظه voiceless , ونطقها نفس نطق الحرف العربي [ ث ] . اما بالنسبه للحرف النطعي الملفوظ voiced فهو نفس نطق الحرف العربي [ ذ ] مثال : الصوت/ th / من كلمة thus , والاخير من كلمة bathe .

4- الحويصليه Alveolars : وهي الاصوات المصاغه بـ الجزء الامامي من اللسان مع الحافه الحويصليه ( وهي المنطقه الخشنه التي تقع خلف الاسنان العلويه مياشره ) . مثال : الاصوات الاولى للكلمات التاليه top , dip , sit , zoo , & nut جميعها حويصلي alveolar . يعني انه عند التقاء طرف اللسان الامامي بالمنطقه الخشنه التي خلف الاسنان العلويه فإنك تجد احد الاصوات التاليه : / R / , / T / , / L / , / N / , / S / بالعربي : ر , ت , ل , ن , س .... الخ . و لاحظ لسانك عند النطق !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5- الحنك حويصليه Alveo-palatal : يعني ليس حويصلي ولا حنكي ولكن بينهما . الاصوات التي تنتج عند التقاء اللسان بـ الجزء الامامي جدا من الحنك بالقرب من الحافة الحويصليه Alveolar ridge . مثال : الاصوات الاوليه من الكلمتان shoot , child .
اللتان غير ملفوظه voiceless , اما بالنسبه للصوت الملفوظ voiced فهو ليس شائعا في اللغه الانجليزيه لكنه موجود كـ صوت وسطي ساكن في الكلمات التاليه : treasure , pleasure , او الصوت الاخير لكلمة rouge .وهو بالعربي [ جـ ] . الصوت الاخر الملفوظ ضمن هذه الفقره ممثل في [ j ] كما في الصوت الاول من الكلمتين joke , gem .
كلمة judge , George كلتاهما يبدا وينتهي بالصوت / j / , على الرغم من الاختلاف الواضح في الكتابه . ايضا الصوت / y / المصاغ بـ اللسان عندما يكون في منتصف الحنك . مثال : you , yet .

6- حلقي velars : عند الرجوع قليلا في سطح الفم , وراء الحنك الصلب hard palat , تجد منطقة رخوه تدعى الحنك الرخو soft palat او الغشاء velum . الاصوات الناتجه عند التقاء ظهر اللسانback of the tongue بـ الغشاء velum تسمى حلقيه velars هناك صوت حلقي غير ملفوظ ممثل في الصوت / k / . مثل كلمة kid , kill . و ايضا في الصوت الاول لكلمة car , cold . و الصوت الحلقي الملفوظ يسمع في بدايه الكلمات التاليه go , gun , give وهو ممثل بـ [ g ] . وايضا في نهايه الكلمات التاليه bag , mug .
ايضا هناك حرفان حلقيان ملفوظان هما : / ng / مثال : sing , tongue . ملاحظه : الكلمة bang تنتهي بالصوت / ng / ليس بالحرفين . لذا لا يوجد لفظ / g / في هذه الكلمه .

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