بلييييييييييز ساعدوني
 

Section summary
Problems and biases in research
when research formulate their hypotheses , biases can influence their theoretical orientation , the research they consider relevant ,and the content areas they choose to investigate.
2.when research design their studies, biases can influence the choice of an operational definition, the choice of participants, the choice of the experimenter , and the inclusion of confounding variables.
3. when researchers perform their studies, biases may include experimenter expectancy as well as the participants' expectation.
4. when researchers interpret their results, biases may include ignoring practical significance, ignoring alternative explanations , over generalizing the findings , and supplying explanations that not been tested .
5. when researchers communicate their findings, gender differences may be over reported; the title of the paper may emphasize gender difference ; articles that demonstrate gender difference may receive preferences; and the popular media may distort the research.
6. being alert for potential biases is part of critical thinking, which requires asking good questions, determining whether the evidence support the conclusions, and proposing alternative interpretations for the evidence.



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