التعدد اللغوي والتنوع الثقافي: ركائز قوة الادب الهندي وتراثه
 

كيف تتفاهم الهند؟
وهل تستخدم ملايينها التي تزداد كل عام لغة مشتركة واحدة ام ان لكل اقليم اوولاية لغة خاصة به؟ هذا السؤال يراود ذهن المسافر حالما تطأ قدمه ارض الهند، وللبحث عن اجابة عن هذه الاسئلة وغيرها، لابد من زيارة اقدم مكتبة تقع في جنوب الهند كانت في الماضي قصراً محاطاً باشجار جوز الهند بناه الملك سواثي يتروفال في مدينة/تريفا تدروم لاستقبال قراء عاصمة ولاية كيرالا في سقوف هذا القصر المكتبة مراوح ضخمة عديدة وعندما تتجول بين رفوف الانتيكات يمكنك رؤية المئات من الاعمال مرتبة باللغة الانكليزية ومترجمة الي كل اللغات الهندية وهي مئتا لغة 22 منها معترف بها رسمياً من قبل الاكاديمية الوطنية ومنها السنسكريتية، الهندية، التامولية المالايالامية البنغالية الماراثية يقول موكوندان الذي يكتب باللغة المالايامية لغة ولاية كيرالا ان القليل جداً من الكتاب تترجم اعماهم الي اللغات المحلية، وفي تريفاندروم، كان الهنود يعزفون بروست او بيسوا ــ باللغة الانكليزية يكتبون بلغتهم الخاصة، ولهذا كان ينبغي الكتابة مباشرة بانكليزية المستعمرات وليس باللغة الام اذا اراد الكتاب الانتشار في كل البلاد.
وعدا عن رابندرانات طاغور، الشاعر البنغالي الذي توج شعره بجائزة نوبل للآداب في عام 1913 فان القسم الاعظم من الكتاب المعروفين الذين يمثلون الادب الهندي الحالي يكتبون باللغة الانكليزية في حين لا يسيطر علي هذه اللغة اكثر من 3% من الهنود، ويقول راجيش شارما مؤسس دار الآداب الهندية، ان اللغة الانكليزية تبقي لغتنا المشتركة الحقيقية الوحيدة وهي اللغة التي تكتشب عبرها العلم والمعرفة، ومع ذلك فان الاعتقاد بان الادب الهندي ينحصر فقط في الكتاب المعروفين امثال نيسبول اروزواني روي، فيكرام سيث اميتاف غوسر ــ الذين جددوا اللغة
الانكليزية بعمق اشبه بمن يري فقط الجزء البارز من الكتلة الجليدية.
واليوم، فان المركز الوطني للكتاب يقدم لاول مرة للكتاب الهنود الذين يمثلون القسم الاعظم من الولايات واللغات الهندية فرصة اللقاء في فرنسا، لاكتشاف حقيقة الادب الهندي الاكثر خصوبة وثراءا وتنوعاً مما كنا نتوقع.
وتري الهند ان اكتشاف غناها الادبي المتنوع هذا حديث يقول ديفيد دافيدار الكاتب والناشر المقيم في دلهي الذي يدير مطابع بنغوين الهند. انه حتي عام 1980 كان علي الكاتب الهندي الذي يكتب باللغة الانكليزية ان يمر بلندن او نيويورك لكي يطبع مؤلفاته وقيل انذاك ان للكاتب الهندي أنا يكون علي وفق المستويات الغربية ومنذ ذلك الوقت تعددت دور النشر هنا من أجل تشجيع كتاب البلد جميعهم علي اختلافهم وتنوعهم والارتقاء بنتاجاتهم مع مراعاة وضع اشعار معقولة وصار بامكاننا ان نكتب لانفسنا وليس للآخرين وعندما تأسست دار نشر بنغوين الهند في عام 1986 كنا ثلاثة موظفين فقط اما الآن فيبلغ عدد العاملين فيها تسعين واستطاعت هذه القارة الصغيرة ان تفرض نفسها علي انها ثالث قطب للادب المكتوب بالانكلزية في العالم.
اما جيتا دارماراجان فهي مديرة مطابع كاثا في نيودلهي التي تظم 150 موظفا فتقول: بدأت بمفردي في عام 1987 وكانت الفكرة هي استقطاب افضل الكتاب من كل ولاية ومقاطعة هندية وترجمة اعمالهم الي الانكليزية لكي تكون نتاجاتهم في متناول الجميع ولهذا السبب اقمت مدرسة للترجمة المهنية عالية المستوي استطاعت هذه المدرسة ترجمة ستة الاف كتاب حتي الان، والان ليس بامكان احد ان ينكر الادب في مختلف اللغات الهندية او الادعاء بانه غير ممتع، وهو اسلوب للرد علي سليمان رشدي وغيره من الكتاب الذين قالوا ذات مرة ان الكتاب الهنود المحليين ليست لهم فائدة وهذا شيء مضحك كما يقول فيجوناراخان، احد الصحفيين في صحيفة الهندو ليومين فـ/رشدي او ينبول/من خيرة الكتاب لكنهما بعيدين عن هموم وواقع البلد وهما لا يعيشان في الهند ويكتبان باللغة الانكليزية ولا يعرفان عن فقر الهند وعن ظروف النساء ووضع الطبقات الشعبية فيها، نعم، انه عالم آخر وهند اخري صنعها الكتاب الحقيقيون بلغاتهم المختلفة داخل البلد.


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